Day: April 19, 2021

A catalyst don’t appear in the overall stoichiometry of the reaction it catalyzes, but it must appear in at least one of the elementary reactions in the mechanism for the catalyzed reaction. 20980-22-7, Name is 2-(Piperazin-1-yl)pyrimidine, molecular formula is C8H12N4. In an article, author is Sharfalddin, Abeer A.,once mentioned of 20980-22-7, Computed Properties of C8H12N4.

Transition metal complexes of 6-mercaptopurine: Characterization, Theoretical calculation, DNA-Binding, molecular docking, and anticancer activity

6-mercaptopurine (6-MP) is used for treating various cancers and autoimmune disorders. A few examples of transition metal complexes of 6-MP have been shown to enhance its anticancer activity, but many remain untested. We isolated five highly stable and colored metal complexes of 6-MP and confirmed their structures by elemental analysis, spectral, and thermal techniques. Infrared (IR) spectra revealed that 6-MP is a bidentate ligand that interacts through sulfur and pyrimidine nitrogen in a 1:2 (M:L) molar ratio. The magnetic susceptibility and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectra for the Cu(II) complex revealed an octahedral arrangement around the metal ion with strong covalent bonding. The fully optimized geometries of the metal structures obtained using density function theory (DFT)/B3LYP calculations were used to verify the structural and biological features. DNA titration revealed that the octahedral Cu(II) complex has a critical binding constant value of K-b = 8 x 105. Docking studies using three different cancer protein receptors were used to predict the biological applications of the synthesized drug-metal complexes. Finally, cytotoxicity assays against a myeloma cancer cell line (MM) and a colon cancer cell line (Caco-2) revealed favorable anticancer activity for the copper complex, exceeding that of the gold-standard chemotherapeutic cisplatin.

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Reference:
Pyrimidine | C4H4N2 – PubChem,
,Pyrimidine – Wikipedia

Reference of 274693-26-4, The transformation of simple hydrocarbons into more complex and valuable products via catalytic C¨CH bond functionalisation has revolutionised modern synthetic chemistry. 274693-26-4, Name is 2-(((3aR,4S,6R,6aS)-6-(7-(((1R,2S)-2-(3,4-Difluorophenyl)cyclopropyl)amino)-5-(propylthio)-3H-[1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidin-3-yl)-2,2-dimethyltetrahydro-3aH-cyclopenta[d][1,3]dioxol-4-yl)oxy)ethanol, SMILES is CC1(C)O[C@]([C@H](N2N=NC3=C(N[C@H]4[C@H](C5=CC=C(F)C(F)=C5)C4)N=C(SCCC)N=C32)C[C@@H]6OCCO)([H])[C@]6([H])O1, belongs to pyrimidines compound. In a article, author is Mudgal, Mukesh, introduce new discover of the category.

Site of Azido Substitution in the Sugar Moiety of Azidopyrimidine Nucleosides Influences the Reactivity of Aminyl Radicals Formed by Dissociative Electron Attachment

In this work, electron-induced site-specific formation of neutral pi-type aminyl radicals (RNH.) and their reactions with pyrimidine nucleoside analogs azidolabeled at various positions in the sugar moiety, e.g., at 2′-, 3′-, 4′-, and 5′- sites along with a model compound 3-azido-1-propanol (3AZPrOH), were investigated. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) studies confirmed the site and mechanism of RNH center dot formation via dissociative electron attachment-mediated loss of N-2 and subsequent facile protonation from the solvent employing the N-15-labeled azido group, deuterations at specific sites in the sugar and base, and changing the solvent from H2O to D2O. Reactions of RNH center dot were investigated employing EPR by warming these samples from 77 K to ca. 170 K. RNH center dot at a primary carbon site (5′-azido-2′,5′-dideoxyuridine, 3AZPrOH) facilely converted to a sigma-type iminyl radical (R=N center dot) via a bimolecular H-atom abstraction forming an alpha-azidoalkyl radical. RNH center dot when at a secondary carbon site (e.g., 2′-azido-2′-deoxyuridine) underwent bimolecular electrophilic addition to the C5=C6 double bond of a proximate pyrimidine base. Finally, RNH center dot at tertiary alkyl carbon (4′-azidocytidine) underwent little reaction. These results show the influence of the stereochemical and electronic environment on RNH center dot reactivity and allow the selection of those azidonucleosides that would be most effective in augmenting cellular radiation damage.

Reference of 274693-26-4, Each elementary reaction can be described in terms of its molecularity, the number of molecules that collide in that step. The slowest step in a reaction mechanism is the rate-determining step.you can also check out more blogs about 274693-26-4.

Reference:
Pyrimidine | C4H4N2 – PubChem,
,Pyrimidine – Wikipedia

Chemistry is an experimental science, Recommanded Product: 3-Iodo-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-4-amine, and the best way to enjoy it and learn about it is performing experiments.Introducing a new discovery about 151266-23-8, Name is 3-Iodo-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-4-amine, molecular formula is C5H4IN5, belongs to pyrimidines compound. In a document, author is Xu, Chenhao.

Novel [1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidine derivatives containing hydrazone fragment as potent and selective anticancer agents

In this paper, based on molecular hybridization, a series of [1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidine derivatives containing hydrazine was synthesized and their antiproliferative activities against 5 cancer cell lines (MGC-803, PC3, PC9, EC9706 and SMMC-7721) were evaluated. We found that most of them exhibited obvious growth inhibition effects on these tested cancer cells, especially compound 34 on PC3 cells (IC50 = 26.25 +/- 0.28 nM). Meanwhile, compound 34 displayed best selectivity on PC3, compared with the other cancer cell lines, as well as excellent selectivity towards normal cell lines (Het-1A, L02 and GES-1). Further investigations demonstrated that 34 could significantly inhibit PC3 cells’ colony formation, increase cellular ROS content, suppress EGFR expression and induce apoptosis. Our findings indicate that 34 may serve as a novel lead compound for the discovery of more triazolopyrimidine derivatives with improved anticancer potency and selectivity.

Sometimes chemists are able to propose two or more mechanisms that are consistent with the available data. If a proposed mechanism predicts the wrong experimental rate law, however, the mechanism must be incorrect.Welcome to check out more blogs about 151266-23-8, in my other articles. Recommanded Product: 3-Iodo-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-4-amine.

Reference:
Pyrimidine | C4H4N2 – PubChem,
,Pyrimidine – Wikipedia

Chemistry is the experimental science by definition. We want to make observations to prove hypothesis. For this purpose, we perform experiments in the lab. , Category: pyrimidines, 873-83-6, Name is 6-Aminopyrimidine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione, molecular formula is C4H5N3O2, belongs to pyrimidines compound. In a document, author is Feckova, Michaela, introduce the new discover.

Photophysics of 9,9-Dimethylacridan-Substituted Phenylstyrylpyrimidines Exhibiting Long-Lived Intramolecular Charge-Transfer Fluorescence and Aggregation-Induced Emission Characteristics

Six pyrimidine-based push-pull systems substituted at positions C2 and C4/6 with phenylacridan and styryl moieties, employing methoxy or N,N-diphenylamino donors, have been designed and synthesized through cross-coupling and Knoevenagel reactions. X-ray analysis confirmed that the molecular structure featured the acridan moiety arranged perpendicularly to the residual pi system. Photophysical studies revealed significant differences between the methoxy and N,N-diphenylamino chromophores. Solvatochromic studies revealed that the methoxy derivatives showed dual emission in polar solvents. Time-resolved spectroscopy revealed that the higher energy band involved very fast (<80 ps) fluorescence, whereas the lower energy one included long components (approximate to 30 ns) due to long-lived intramolecular charge-transfer fluorescence. In contrast to N,N-diphenylamino chromophores, the methoxy derivatives also showed aggregation-induced emission in mixtures of THF/water, as well as dual emission in thin films, covering almost the whole visible spectrum with corresponding chromaticity coordinates not far from that of pure white light. These properties render the methoxy derivatives as very promising organic materials for white organic light-emitting diodes. A reaction mechanism is the microscopic path by which reactants are transformed into products. Each step is an elementary reaction. In my other articles, you can also check out more blogs about 873-83-6. Category: pyrimidines.

Reference:
Pyrimidine | C4H4N2 – PubChem,
,Pyrimidine – Wikipedia

Chemistry can be defined as the study of matter and the changes it undergoes. You¡¯ll sometimes hear it called the central science because it is the connection between physics and all the other sciences, starting with biology. 302964-08-5, Name is 2-((6-Chloro-2-methylpyrimidin-4-yl)amino)-N-(2-chloro-6-methylphenyl)thiazole-5-carboxamide, molecular formula is , belongs to pyrimidines compound. In a document, author is Zhang, Ning, Category: pyrimidines.

Improving the efficiency of exciplex based OLEDs by controlling the different configurations of the donor

Two D-A-D type donor materials, 10,10 ‘-(pyridine-2,4-diyl)bis(9,9-dimethyl-9,10-dihydroacridine) (Pra-2DMAC) with vertical molecular conformation and 10,10 ‘-(pyrimidine-2,4-diyl)bis(9,9-dimethyl-9,10-dihydroacridine) (Prm-2DMAC) with near-planar molecular conformation, were designed and synthesized in order to develop the performance of exciplex based OLEDs. Pra-2DMAC shows a better performance than Prm-2DMAC, due to its vertical configuration, which has a beneficial effect on exciplex emission because the separated HOMO and LUMO in donor facilitates the intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) and reverse intersystem crossing (RISC) process at the excited state. An exciplex device with a simple structure based on Pra-2DMAC shows a high maximum external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 15.0% (13.9% at 1000 cd m(-2)), low turn-on voltage of 2.4 V, and stable electroluminescence spectrum of nearly constant CIE coordinate. The better performance of Pra-2DMAC demonstrates the superiority of the donor with vertical configurations in an exciplex system. To our knowledge, this is the first work to study exciplex based OLEDs using dual configuration donor materials.

If you are hungry for even more, make sure to check my other article about 302964-08-5, Category: pyrimidines.

Reference:
Pyrimidine | C4H4N2 – PubChem,
,Pyrimidine – Wikipedia

151266-23-8, Name is 3-Iodo-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-4-amine, molecular formula is C5H4IN5, Computed Properties of C5H4IN5, belongs to pyrimidines compound, is a common compound. In a patnet, author is Renthlei, Zothanmawii, once mentioned the new application about 151266-23-8.

Autophagy-deficient Arabidopsis mutant atg5, which shows ultraviolet-B sensitivity, cannot remove ultraviolet-B-induced fragmented mitochondria

Mitochondria damaged by ultraviolet-B radiation (UV-B, 280-315 nm) are removed by mitophagy, a selective autophagic process. Recently, we demonstrated that autophagy-deficient Arabidopsis thaliana mutants exhibit a UV-B-sensitive phenotype like that of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer (CPD)-specific photolyase (PHR1)-deficient mutants. To explore the relationship between UV-B sensitivity and autophagy in UV-B-damaged plants, we monitored mitochondrial dynamics and autophagy in wild-type Arabidopsis (ecotype Columbia); an autophagy-deficient mutant, atg5; a PHR1-deficient mutant, phr1; an atg5 phr1 double mutant; and AtPHR1-overexpressing (AtPHR1ox) plants following high-dose UV-B exposure (1.5 W m(-2) for 1 h). At 10 h after exposure, the number of mitochondria per mesophyll leaf cell was increased and the volumes of individual mitochondria were decreased independently of UV-B-induced CPD accumulation in all genotypes. At 24 h after exposure, the mitochondrial number had recovered or almost recovered to pre-exposure levels in plants with functional autophagy (WT, phr1, and AtPHR1ox), but had increased even further in atg5. This suggested that the high dose of UV-B led to the inactivation and fragmentation of mitochondria, which were removed by mitophagy activated by UV-B. The UV-B-sensitive phenotype of the atg5 phr1 double mutant was more severe than that of atg5 or phr1. In wild-type, phr1, and AtPHR1ox plants, autophagy-related genes were strongly expressed following UV-B exposure independently of UV-B-induced CPD accumulation. Therefore, mitophagy might be one of the important repair mechanisms for UV-B-induced damage. The severe UV-B-sensitive phenotype of atg5 phr1 is likely an additive effect of deficiencies in independent machineries for UV-B protection, autophagy, and CPD photorepair.

I hope this article can help some friends in scientific research. I am very proud of our efforts over the past few months and hope to 151266-23-8 help many people in the next few years. Computed Properties of C5H4IN5.

Reference:
Pyrimidine | C4H4N2 – PubChem,
,Pyrimidine – Wikipedia

Chemistry can be defined as the study of matter and the changes it undergoes. You¡¯ll sometimes hear it called the central science because it is the connection between physics and all the other sciences, starting with biology. 671-35-2, Name is 5-Fluoro-4-hydroxypyrimidine, molecular formula is , belongs to pyrimidines compound. In a document, author is Jin, Rui, Recommanded Product: 671-35-2.

Leflunomide Suppresses the Growth of LKB1-Inactivated Tumors in the Immune-Competent Host and Attenuates Distant Cancer Metastasis

Liver kinase B1 (LKB1)-inactivated tumors are vulnerable to the disruption of pyrimidine metabolism, and leflunomide emerges as a therapeutic candidate because its active metabolite, A77-1726, inhibits dihydroorotate dehydrogenase, which is essential for de novo pyrimidine biosynthesis. However, it is unclear whether leflunomide inhibits LKBI-inactivated tumors in vivo, and whether its inhibitory effect on the immune system will promote tumor growth. Here, we carried out a comprehensive analysis of leflunomide treatment in various LKBI-inactivated murine xenografts, patient-derived xenografts, and genetically engineered mouse models. We also generated a mouse tumor-derived cancer cell line, WRJ388, that could metastasize to the lung within a month after subcutaneous implantation in all animals. This model was used to assess the ability of leflunomide to control distant metastasis. Leflunomide treatment shrank a HeLa xenograft and attenuated the growth of an H460 xenograft, a patient-derived xenograft, and lung adenocarcinoma in the immune-competent genetically engineered mouse models. Interestingly, leflunomide suppressed tumor growth through at least three different mechanisms. It caused apoptosis in HeLa cells, induced G(1) cell-cycle arrest in H460 cells, and promoted S-phase cell-cycle arrest in WRJ388 cells. Finally, leflunomide treatment prevented lung metastasis in 78% of the animals in our novel lung cancer metastasis model. In combination, these results demonstrated that leflunomide utilizes different pathways to suppress the growth of LKB1-inactivated tumors, and it also prevents cancer metastasis at distant sites. Therefore, leflunomide should be evaluated as a therapeutic agent for tumors with LKBI inactivation.

Sometimes chemists are able to propose two or more mechanisms that are consistent with the available data. If a proposed mechanism predicts the wrong experimental rate law, however, the mechanism must be incorrect.Welcome to check out more blogs about 671-35-2, in my other articles. Recommanded Product: 671-35-2.

Reference:
Pyrimidine | C4H4N2 – PubChem,
,Pyrimidine – Wikipedia

Chemistry is an experimental science, and the best way to enjoy it and learn about it is performing experiments.Introducing a new discovery about 145783-14-8, Name is 4,6-Dichloro-5-nitro-2-(propylthio)pyrimidine, molecular formula is , belongs to pyrimidines compound. In a document, author is Martens, M. C., Category: pyrimidines.

Genetically caused UV sensitivity Photocarcinogenesis and UV protection in children

Background. Exposure of skin to ultraviolet (UV) radiation can cause DNA damage. An intact nucleotide excision repair (NER) system usually prevents the formation of DNA mutations as a consequence of such lesions; however, defects in the NER system are the cause of a variety of rare genetic syndromes. Objective. Overview of the current understanding of photocarcinogenesis and how defects in the NER system increase the risk of skin cancer. Furthermore, a brief review of the diagnostics and treatment of xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) as well as UV protection is provided. Material and methods. A literature search was performed to summarize the current knowledge on photocarcinogenesis, NER defect syndromes and UV protection. Results. Energy transfer from UV radiation to DNA leads to formation of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPD) and pyrimidine-pyrimidone (6-4) photoproducts (6-4 PP). If not repaired by NER these DNA lesions are transformed into DNA mutations and drive carcinogenesis. Genetic defects in the NER system are the underlying cause of a variety of rare mostly autosomal recessive genetic syndromes, such as the Cockayne syndrome (CS), trichothiodystrophy (TTD), cerebrooculofacioskeletal (COFS) syndrome, UV-sensitive syndrome ((UVS)-S-S), and XP depending on which NER gene is affected. These syndromes are associated with increased UV sensitivity, neurological disorders, and/or increased risk of skin cancer. The first skin changes in XP patients usually occur at the age of 3-5 years and nonmelanoma skin cancer is first diagnosed at a median age of 9 years. Conclusion. Strict UV protection is essential for patients with rare DNA repair defect syndromes, such as XP. The example of XP shows in time-lapse how important UV protection is for all children.

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Reference:
Pyrimidine | C4H4N2 – PubChem,
,Pyrimidine – Wikipedia

A catalyst don’t appear in the overall stoichiometry of the reaction it catalyzes, but it must appear in at least one of the elementary reactions in the mechanism for the catalyzed reaction. 156-83-2, Name is 6-Chloropyrimidine-2,4-diamine, molecular formula is C4H5ClN4. In an article, author is Rolly, Nkulu Kabange,once mentioned of 156-83-2, Recommanded Product: 6-Chloropyrimidine-2,4-diamine.

Drought-induced AtbZIP62 transcription factor regulates drought stress response in Arabidopsis

We investigated the role of AtbZIP62, an uncharacterized Arabidopsis bZIP TF, in oxidative, nitro-oxidative and drought stress conditions using reverse genetics approach. We further monitored the expression of AtPYD1 gene (orthologous to rice OsDHODH1 involved in the pyrimidine biosynthesis) in atbzip62 knock-out (KO) plants in order to investigate the transcriptional interplay of AtbZIP62 and AtPYD1. The atbzip62 KO plants showed significant increase in shoot length under oxidative stress, while no significant difference was recorded for root length compared to WT. However, under nitro-oxidative stress conditions, atbzip62 showed differential response to both NO-donors. Further characterization of AtbZIP62 under drought conditions showed that both atbzip62 and atpyd1-2 showed a sensitive phenotype to drought stress, and could not recover after re-watering. Transcript accumulation of AtbZIP62 and AtPYD1 showed that both were highly up-regulated by drought stress in wild type (WT) plants. Interestingly, AtPYD1 transcriptional level significantly decreased in atbzip62 exposed to drought stress. However, AtbZIP62 expression was highly induced in atpyd1-2 under the same conditions. Both AtbZIP62 and AtPYD1 were up-regulated in atnced3 and atcat2 while showing a contrasting expression pattern in atgsnor13. The recorded increase in CAT, POD, and PPO-like activities, the accumulation of chlorophylls and total carotenoids, and the enhanced proline and malondialdehyde levels would explain the sensitivity level of atbzip62 towards drought stress. All results collectively suggest that AtbZIP62 could be involved in AtPYD1 transcriptional regulation while modulating cellular redox state and photosynthetic processes. In addition, AtbZIP62 is suggested to positively regulate drought stress response in Arabidopsis.

Interested yet? Keep reading other articles of 156-83-2, you can contact me at any time and look forward to more communication. Recommanded Product: 6-Chloropyrimidine-2,4-diamine.

Reference:
Pyrimidine | C4H4N2 – PubChem,
,Pyrimidine – Wikipedia

One of the major reasons for studying chemical kinetics is to use measurements of the macroscopic properties of a system, such as the rate of change in the concentration of reactants or products with time. 3680-71-5, Name is 1,7-Dihydro-4H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-one, formurla is C6H5N3O. In a document, author is Parveen, Huda, introducing its new discovery. Application In Synthesis of 1,7-Dihydro-4H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-one.

Synthesis and spectral analysis of (S)-7-(4-chlorophenyl)-6,7-dihydrothiazolo [4,5-d]pyrimidine-2,5(3H,4H)-dione and study of its quantum chemical properties

In this article, synthesis and quantum chemical properties of novel (S)-7-(4-chlorophenyl)-6,7-dihydrothiazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidine-2,5(3H,4H)-dione (CPTHZ) are described. The aim of this synthesis was to obtain biologically active thiazolidinone scaffolds and correlates its quantum chemical properties with its experimental results. The structure of the compound was characterized by using different spectral analysis. The chemical calculations were computed with the help of DFT level of theory using Becke3-Lee-Yang-Parr (B3LYP)) and Coulomb-Attenuated-Method-Becke3-Lee-Yang-Parr (CAM-B3LYP)/6-31G(d,p) basis set. Thermodynamic properties were calculated at diverse temperatures. Various structural and thermodynamic parameters such as electrophilicity, chemical potential, chemical hardness and maximum amount of electronic charge transfer were done for this compound. The local reactivity descriptors showed that most reactive site for nucleophilic attack was C(7). In addition to it, correlation graphs between experimental and calculated values of (HNMR)-H-1 and (CNMR)-C-13 were also presented.

If you are hungry for even more, make sure to check my other article about 3680-71-5, Application In Synthesis of 1,7-Dihydro-4H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-one.

Reference:
Pyrimidine | C4H4N2 – PubChem,
,Pyrimidine – Wikipedia