Category: 4983-28-2

A catalyst don’t appear in the overall stoichiometry of the reaction it catalyzes, Name: 2-Chloro-5-hydroxypyrimidine, but it must appear in at least one of the elementary reactions in the mechanism for the catalyzed reaction. 4983-28-2, Name is 2-Chloro-5-hydroxypyrimidine, molecular formula is C4H3ClN2O. In an article, author is Vyshtakalyuk, Alexandra B.,once mentioned of 4983-28-2.

Conjugate of pyrimidine derivative, the drug xymedon with succinic acid protects liver cells

The aim of the study was to investigate the hepatoprotective properties of the conjugate of the xymedon drug substance with succinic acid (1a). The study presents an in vitro comparative evaluation of the cytotoxicity and cytoprotective properties of 1a and succinic acid on a cell line of normal human hepatocytes Chang Liver, and in vivo investigation of the ability of 1a to restore liver from the toxic damage caused by CCl4 in Wistar rats. It was shown that the cytotoxicity of 1a was 19.9 +/- 0.8 mmol/L, and that of succinic acid was 14.1 +/- 0.2 mmol/L. Against the background of d-galactosamine exposure, the cytoprotective effect of 1a was found to be superior to that of succinic acid. It was shown that 1a caused a significant reduction in necrotic and steatosis changes in the liver and restoration of biochemical markers of cytolysis, as well as bilirubin metabolism and synthetic liver function.

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Reference:
Pyrimidine | C4H4N2 – PubChem,
,Pyrimidine – Wikipedia

Chemistry is an experimental science, Product Details of 4983-28-2, and the best way to enjoy it and learn about it is performing experiments.Introducing a new discovery about 4983-28-2, Name is 2-Chloro-5-hydroxypyrimidine, molecular formula is C4H3ClN2O, belongs to pyrimidines compound. In a document, author is Lafita-Navarro, M. Carmen.

Inhibition of the de novo pyrimidine biosynthesis pathway limits ribosomal RNA transcription causing nucleolar stress in glioblastoma cells

Author summary The current standard therapy for glioblastoma, the most malignant brain tumor, was established more than a decade ago and relies on a combination of surgery, radiation, and the DNA methylating agent temozolomide. Here, we report a new approach to target glioblastoma growth through the inhibition of the de novo biosynthesis of pyrimidines, which preferentially limits ribosomal RNA (rRNA) production. Cancer cells have elevated rates of rRNA synthesis so that they can produce enough ribosomes to meet the demands for protein synthesis that are linked to increase cell growth and division. Therefore, targeting aberrant rRNA production by reducing nucleotide availability could provide an effective strategy to treat glioblastoma and, potentially, other tumor types. Glioblastoma is the most common and aggressive type of cancer in the brain; its poor prognosis is often marked by reoccurrence due to resistance to the chemotherapeutic agent temozolomide, which is triggered by an increase in the expression of DNA repair enzymes such as MGMT. The poor prognosis and limited therapeutic options led to studies targeted at understanding specific vulnerabilities of glioblastoma cells. Metabolic adaptations leading to increased synthesis of nucleotides by de novo biosynthesis pathways are emerging as key alterations driving glioblastoma growth. In this study, we show that enzymes necessary for the de novo biosynthesis of pyrimidines, DHODH and UMPS, are elevated in high grade gliomas and in glioblastoma cell lines. We demonstrate that DHODH’s activity is necessary to maintain ribosomal DNA transcription (rDNA). Pharmacological inhibition of DHODH with the specific inhibitors brequinar or ML390 effectively depleted the pool of pyrimidines in glioblastoma cells grown in vitro and in vivo and impaired rDNA transcription, leading to nucleolar stress. Nucleolar stress was visualized by the aberrant redistribution of the transcription factor UBF and the nucleolar organizer nucleophosmin 1 (NPM1), as well as the stabilization of the transcription factor p53. Moreover, DHODH inhibition decreased the proliferation of glioblastoma cells, including temozolomide-resistant cells. Importantly, the addition of exogenous uridine, which reconstitutes the cellular pool of pyrimidine by the salvage pathway, to the culture media recovered the impaired rDNA transcription, nucleolar morphology, p53 levels, and proliferation of glioblastoma cells caused by the DHODH inhibitors. Our in vivo data indicate that while inhibition of DHODH caused a dramatic reduction in pyrimidines in tumor cells, it did not affect the overall pyrimidine levels in normal brain and liver tissues, suggesting that pyrimidine production by the salvage pathway may play an important role in maintaining these nucleotides in normal cells. Our study demonstrates that glioblastoma cells heavily rely on the de novo pyrimidine biosynthesis pathway to generate ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and thus, we identified an approach to inhibit ribosome production and consequently the proliferation of glioblastoma cells through the specific inhibition of the de novo pyrimidine biosynthesis pathway.

Balanced chemical reaction does not necessarily reveal either the individual elementary reactions by which a reaction occurs or its rate law. In my other articles, you can also check out more blogs about 4983-28-2. Product Details of 4983-28-2.

Reference:
Pyrimidine | C4H4N2 – PubChem,
,Pyrimidine – Wikipedia

Synthetic Route of 4983-28-2, Catalysts allow a reaction to proceed via a pathway that has a lower activation energy than the uncatalyzed reaction. 4983-28-2, Name is 2-Chloro-5-hydroxypyrimidine, SMILES is ClC1=NC=C(C=N1)O, belongs to pyrimidines compound. In a article, author is El-Mahdy, K. M., introduce new discover of the category.

Convenient Methodology for Some Heterocyclization Reactions with Thioxopyrimidine Derivatives

A simple and efficient method for derivatization of the pyrimidine nucleus is developed. The readily available 6-amino-2-thioxo-2,3-dihydropyrimidin-4(1H)-one has been used as a versatile building block for the synthesis of thioxopyrimidine derivatives. A variety of novel fused pyrimidines has been prepared via nucleophilic and/or electrophilic reactions of thioxopyrimidine derivatives. The structures of the newly synthesized products have been deduced on the basis of elemental analysis and spectral data.

Synthetic Route of 4983-28-2, Because enzymes can increase reaction rates by enormous factors and tend to be very specific, typically producing only a single product in quantitative yield, they are the focus of active research.you can also check out more blogs about 4983-28-2.

Reference:
Pyrimidine | C4H4N2 – PubChem,
,Pyrimidine – Wikipedia

Chemistry is traditionally divided into organic and inorganic chemistry. The former is the study of compounds containing at least one carbon-hydrogen bonds. 4983-28-2, Name is 2-Chloro-5-hydroxypyrimidine, molecular formula is C4H3ClN2O, belongs to pyrimidines compound, is a common compound. In a patnet, author is You, Rong, once mentioned the new application about 4983-28-2, Product Details of 4983-28-2.

Probing cell metabolism on insulin like growth factor(IGF)-1/tumor necrosis factor(TNF)-alpha and chargeable polymers co-immobilized conjugates

Cell culturing on different synthetic biomaterials would reprogram cell metabolism for adaption to their living conditions because such alterations in cell metabolism were necessary for cellular functions on them. Here we used metabolomics to uncover metabolic changes when liver cells were cultured on insulin-like growth factor (IGF)/tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and chargeable polymers co-modified biomaterials with the aim to explain their modulating effects on cell metabolism. The results showed that cell metabolism on IGF-1/TNF-alpha co-immobilized conjugates was significantly regulated according to their scatterings on the score plot of principal component analysis. Specifically, cell metabolisms were reprogrammed to the higher level of pyrimidine metabolism, beta-alanine metabolism, and pantothenate and CoA biosynthesis, and the lower level of methionine salvage pathway in order to promote cell growth on IGF/TNF-alpha co-modified surface. Furthermore, cell senescence on PSt-PAAm-IGF/TNF-alpha surface was delayed through the regulation of branch amino acid metabolism and AMPK signal pathway. The research showed that metabolomics had great potential to uncover the molecular interaction between biomaterials and seeded cells, and provide the insights about cell metabolic reprogramming on IGF/TNF-alpha co-modified conjugates for cell growth.

We¡¯ll also look at important developments in the pharmaceutical industry because understanding organic chemistry is important in understanding health, medicine, 4983-28-2. The above is the message from the blog manager. Product Details of 4983-28-2.

Reference:
Pyrimidine | C4H4N2 – PubChem,
,Pyrimidine – Wikipedia

Chemistry is an experimental science, Application In Synthesis of 2-Chloro-5-hydroxypyrimidine, and the best way to enjoy it and learn about it is performing experiments.Introducing a new discovery about 4983-28-2, Name is 2-Chloro-5-hydroxypyrimidine, molecular formula is C4H3ClN2O, belongs to pyrimidines compound. In a document, author is Behera, Prafulla Kumar.

Gold(I) and gold(III) complexes supported by a pyrazine/pyrimidine wingtip N-heterocyclic carbene: Synthesis, structure and DFT studies

Starting from pyrazine and pyrimidine functionalized N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) proligand 1-(2-Pyrazinyl)-3(methyl) imidazolium chloride (1.HCl), 1-(2-Pyrimidyl)-3(methyl) imidazolium chloride (2.HCl), four novel gold complexes [Au(1)Cl], (1a); [Au(1)Cl-3], (1b), [Au(2)Cl], (2a) and [Au(2)Cl-3] (2b) were synthesized and characterized using NMR spectroscopic techniques and elemental analysis. Additionally, the solid state structures of 1a & 2b were elucidated using single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis, which revealed that in 1a, the carbene nucleus and the chloride ion bound to Au(I) nearly linear having C-Au-Cl bond angle 178.84 degrees. Where as in 2b, the carbene nucleus and the chloride ion bound to the Au(III) adopts the square planar geometry surrounding Au(III). A series of DFT calculations were also performed to gain further insight into the respective structures of the complexes to relate the crystallographic parameters and electronic distribution. (C) 2020 Published by Elsevier B.V.

Balanced chemical reaction does not necessarily reveal either the individual elementary reactions by which a reaction occurs or its rate law. In my other articles, you can also check out more blogs about 4983-28-2. Application In Synthesis of 2-Chloro-5-hydroxypyrimidine.

Reference:
Pyrimidine | C4H4N2 – PubChem,
,Pyrimidine – Wikipedia

Chemistry is the experimental science by definition. We want to make observations to prove hypothesis. For this purpose, we perform experiments in the lab. , Application In Synthesis of 2-Chloro-5-hydroxypyrimidine, 4983-28-2, Name is 2-Chloro-5-hydroxypyrimidine, molecular formula is C4H3ClN2O, belongs to pyrimidines compound. In a document, author is Sakai, Wataru, introduce the new discover.

Functional impacts of the ubiquitin-proteasome system on DNA damage recognition in global genome nucleotide excision repair

The ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) plays crucial roles in regulation of various biological processes, including DNA repair. In mammalian global genome nucleotide excision repair (GG-NER), activation of the DDB2-associated ubiquitin ligase upon UV-induced DNA damage is necessary for efficient recognition of lesions. To date, however, the precise roles of UPS in GG-NER remain incompletely understood. Here, we show that the proteasome subunit PSMD14 and the UPS shuttle factor RAD23B can be recruited to sites with UV-induced photolesions even in the absence of XPC, suggesting that proteolysis occurs at DNA damage sites. Unexpectedly, sustained inhibition of proteasome activity results in aggregation of PSMD14 (presumably with other proteasome components) at the periphery of nucleoli, by which DDB2 is immobilized and sequestered from its lesion recognition functions. Although depletion of PSMD14 alleviates such DDB2 immobilization induced by proteasome inhibitors, recruitment of DDB2 to DNA damage sites is then severely compromised in the absence of PSMD14. Because all of these proteasome dysfunctions selectively impair removal of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers, but not (6-4) photoproducts, our results indicate that the functional integrity of the proteasome is essential for the DDB2-mediated lesion recognition sub-pathway, but not for GG-NER initiated through direct lesion recognition by XPC.

A reaction mechanism is the microscopic path by which reactants are transformed into products. Each step is an elementary reaction. In my other articles, you can also check out more blogs about 4983-28-2. Application In Synthesis of 2-Chloro-5-hydroxypyrimidine.

Reference:
Pyrimidine | C4H4N2 – PubChem,
,Pyrimidine – Wikipedia

Enzymes are biological catalysts that produce large increases in reaction rates and tend to be specific for certain reactants and products. 4983-28-2, Name is 2-Chloro-5-hydroxypyrimidine, molecular formula is C4H3ClN2O, belongs to pyrimidines compound. In a document, author is Esteban-Parra, Gines M., introduce the new discover, Safety of 2-Chloro-5-hydroxypyrimidine.

Anti-diabetic and anti-parasitic properties of a family of luminescent zinc coordination compounds based on the 7-amino-5-methyl-1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-alpha] pyrimidine ligand

We report on the formation of a triazolopyrimidine derivative ligand, 7-amino-5-methyl-1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-alpha] pyrimidine (7-amtp), and a new family of coordination compounds based on this ligand and zinc as metal ion, synthesized by conventional routes. These materials possess different mononuclear structures, namely [ZnCl2(7-amtp)(2)] (1), [Zn(7-amtp)(2)(H2O)(4)](NO3)(2)2(7-amtp)6H(2)O (2) and [Zn(7-amtp)(2)(H2O)(4)](SO4)1.5H(2)O (3) derived from the use of different zinc (II) salts, in such a way that the counterions govern the crystallization to a large extent. These compounds present and show variable luminescent properties based on ligand-centred charge transfers which have been deeply studied by Time Dependent Density Functional Theory (TD-DFT) calculations. When these compounds are transferred to solution, preserving complex entities as corroborated by NMR studies, they present interesting anti-diabetic and anti-parasitic capabilities, with a comparatively higher selectivity index than other previously reported triazolopyrimidine-based materials. The results derived from in vivo experiments conducted in mice also confirm their promising activity as anti-diabetic drug being capable of dropping glucose levels after oral administration. Therefore, these new materials may be considered as excellent candidates to be further investigated in the field of luminescent coordination compounds with biomedical applications.

Balanced chemical reaction does not necessarily reveal either the individual elementary reactions by which a reaction occurs or its rate law. In my other articles, you can also check out more blogs about 4983-28-2. Safety of 2-Chloro-5-hydroxypyrimidine.

Reference:
Pyrimidine | C4H4N2 – PubChem,
,Pyrimidine – Wikipedia

Reactions catalyzed within inorganic and organic materials and at electrochemical interfaces commonly occur at high coverage and in condensed media, causing turnover rates to depend strongly on interfacial structure and composition, 4983-28-2, Name is 2-Chloro-5-hydroxypyrimidine, SMILES is ClC1=NC=C(C=N1)O, in an article , author is Sousa, Filipe M., once mentioned of 4983-28-2, HPLC of Formula: C4H3ClN2O.

Investigating the amino acid sequences of membrane bound dihydroorotate:quinone oxidoreductases (DHOQOs): Structural and functional implications

Dihydroorotate:quinone oxidoreductases (DHOQOs) are membrane bound enzymes responsible for oxidizing dihydroorotate (DHO) to orotate with concomitant reduction of quinone to quinol. They have FMN as prosthetic group and are part of the monotopic quinone reductase superfamily. These enzymes are also members of the dihydroorotate dehydrogenases (DHODHs) family, which besides membrane bound DHOQOs, class 2, includes soluble enzymes which reduce either NAD(+) or fumarate, class 1. As key enzymes in both the de novo pyrimidine biosynthetic pathway as well as in the energetic metabolism, inhibitors of DHOQOs have been investigated as leads for therapeutics in cancer, immunological disorders and bacterial/viral infections. This work is a thorough bioinformatic approach on the structural conservation and taxonomic distribution of DHOQOs. We explored previously established structural/functional hallmarks of these enzymes, while searching for uncharacterized common elements. We also discuss the cellular role of DHOQOs and organize the identified protein sequences within six sub-classes 2A to 2F, according to their taxonomic origin and sequence traits. We concluded that DHOQOs are present in Archaea, Eukarya and Bacteria, including the first recognition in Gram-positive organisms. DHOQOs can be the single dihydroorotate dehydrogenase encoded in the genome of a species, or they can coexist with other DHODHs, as the NAD(+) or fumarate reducing enzymes. Furthermore, we show that the type of catalytic base present in the active site is not an absolute criterium to distinguish between class 1 and class 2 enzymes. We propose the existence of a quinone binding motif (ExAH) adjacent to a hydrophobic cavity present in the membrane interacting N-terminal domain.

But sometimes, even after several years of basic chemistry education, it is not easy to form a clear picture on how they govern reactivity! 4983-28-2, you can contact me at any time and look forward to more communication. HPLC of Formula: C4H3ClN2O.

Reference:
Pyrimidine | C4H4N2 – PubChem,
,Pyrimidine – Wikipedia

A catalyst don’t appear in the overall stoichiometry of the reaction it catalyzes, but it must appear in at least one of the elementary reactions in the mechanism for the catalyzed reaction. 4983-28-2, Name is 2-Chloro-5-hydroxypyrimidine, molecular formula is C4H3ClN2O. In an article, author is Fathi, Ahlam M.,once mentioned of 4983-28-2, Name: 2-Chloro-5-hydroxypyrimidine.

Characteristics of multidentate schiff base ligand and its complexes using cyclic voltammetry, fluorescence, antimicrobial behavior and DFT-calculations

The electrochemical behavior of a series of the metal complexes [Fe(III), Ni(II), Ru(III),Pd(II) and Hf(IV)]derived from the Schiff base ligand(E)-5-((phenyl(-pyridin-2-yl) methylene) amino) pyrimidine-2,4(1H, 3H)-dione(H2L) which was previously prepared from condensation of 5-aminouracil and 2-benzoylpyridine was studied by using cyclic voltammetric technique. The Schiff base ligand H2L and its metal complexes exhibited quasi- reversible oxidation- reduction with three electron transfer and it was suggested that their reactions on the platinum surface electrode are not purely diffusion controlled but also under adsorption control. The redox reactive sites of the H2L and its complexes were located via the geometry optimization and frequency calculations using density functional theory (DFT) at the B3LYP/LanL2DZ level of theory. In addition, the Schiff base ligand and its metal complexes exhibit fluorescent properties. The antimicrobial activity of the Schiff base ligand H2L and its metal complexes was tested against Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus(,Gram-negative bacteria (E. coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and fungal strain (Aspergillus niger) by using agar well-diffusion method. The microbial testes of the ligand (H2L) and its metal complexes exhibited good inhibition efficiency to prevent growth of bacteria. (c) 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Interested yet? Keep reading other articles of 4983-28-2, you can contact me at any time and look forward to more communication. Name: 2-Chloro-5-hydroxypyrimidine.

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Pyrimidine | C4H4N2 – PubChem,
,Pyrimidine – Wikipedia

In an article, author is Shen, Jian, once mentioned the application of 4983-28-2, Application In Synthesis of 2-Chloro-5-hydroxypyrimidine, Name is 2-Chloro-5-hydroxypyrimidine, molecular formula is C4H3ClN2O, molecular weight is 130.53, MDL number is MFCD09743796, category is pyrimidines. Now introduce a scientific discovery about this category.

Structural optimization of pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine derivatives as potent and highly selective DPP-4 inhibitors

Our previous discovery of pyrazolo [1,5-a]pyrimidin-7(4H)-one scaffold-based DPP-4 inhibitors yielded two potent compounds b2 (IC50 = 79 nM) and d1 (IC50 = 49 nM) but characterized by cytotoxicity. Herein, with scaffold hopping and fragment-based drug design strategies, highly potent and selective pyrazolo [1,5-a]pyrimidine DPP-4 inhibitors were found featured by reduced or diminished cytotoxicity. Specifically, c24 (IC50 = 2 nM) exhibits a 25 to 40-fold increase of inhibitory activity respect to those of b2 and d1, respectively, 2-fold from Alogliptin (IC50 = 4 nM), and remarkable selectivity over DPP-8 and DPP-9 (>2000 fold). Further docking studies confirmed that the pyrazolo [1,5-a]pyrimidine core interacts with the S1 pocket whereas its substituted aromatic ring interacts with the sub-S1 pocket. The interactive mode in this case resembles that of Alogliptin and Trelagliptin. Further in vivo IPGTT assays in diabetic mice demonstrated that c24 effectively reduces glucose excursion by 48% at the dose of 10 mg/ kg, suggesting that c24 is worthy of further development as a potent anti-diabetes agent. (C) 2020 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.

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Reference:
Pyrimidine | C4H4N2 – PubChem,
,Pyrimidine – Wikipedia