Category: 65-71-4

On May 5, 2020, Herl, Thomas; Matysik, Frank-Michael published an article.Electric Literature of 65-71-4 The title of the article was Investigation of the Electrooxidation of Thymine on Screen-Printed Carbon Electrodes by Hyphenation of Electrochemistry and Mass Spectrometry. And the article contained the following:

The electrooxidation of thymine on screen-printed C electrodes was studied using different complementary instrumental approaches. The potential-dependent product profile was obtained by recording real-time mass voltammograms. Electrochem. flow cells with integrated disposable electrodes were directly coupled with mass spectrometry to facilitate a very fast detection of electrogenerated species. Thymine dimers were found at a potential of ∼1.1 V in ammonium acetate (pH 7.0) and 1.25 V in ammonium H carbonate electrolyte (pH 8.0). Electrochem.-capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry measurements revealed that two isobaric isomers of a dimeric oxidation product were formed. Separations at different time intervals between end of oxidation and start of separation showed that these were hydrated over time. A study of the pKa values by changing the separation conditions in electrochem.-capillary electrophoresis-UV-visible spectroscopy measurements allowed for further characterization of the primary oxidation products. Both isomers exhibited two deprotonation steps. The oxidation products were further characterized by HPLC-tandem mass spectrometry. Based on the obtained data, the main oxidation products of thymine in aqueous solution could most likely be identified as N(1)-C(5′) and N(1)-C(6′) linked dimer species evolving into the corresponding dimer hydrates over time. The presented methods for online characterization of electrochem. pretreated samples showed that not only mass spectrometric data can be obtained by electrochem.-mass spectrometry but also further characterizations such as the study of product stability and the pH-dependent protonation or deprotonation behavior are possible. This is valid not only for stable oxidation products but also for intermediates, as anal. can be carried out within a short time scale. Thus, a vast amount of valuable exptl. data can be acquired, which can help in understanding electrooxidation processes. The experimental process involved the reaction of 5-Methylpyrimidine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione(cas: 65-71-4).Electric Literature of 65-71-4

The Article related to electrooxidation thymine screen printed carbon electrode electrochem mass spectrometry, Electrochemistry: Electrochemical Cells and Systems and other aspects.Electric Literature of 65-71-4

Referemce:
Pyrimidine | C4H4N2 – PubChem,
Pyrimidine – Wikipedia

Green, James A.; Jouybari, Martha Yaghoubi; Aranda, Daniel; Improta, Roberto; Santoro, Fabrizio published an article in 2021, the title of the article was Nonadiabatic absorption spectra and ultrafast dynamics of DNA and RNA photoexcited nucleobases.Electric Literature of 65-71-4 And the article contains the following content:

We have recently proposed a protocol for Quantum Dynamics (QD) calculations, which is based on a parameterisation of Linear Vibronic Coupling (LVC) Hamiltonians with Time Dependent (TD) D. Functional Theory (TD-DFT), and exploits the latest developments in multiconfigurational TD-Hartree methods for an effective wave packet propagation. In this contribution we explore the potentialities of this approach to compute nonadiabatic vibronic spectra and ultrafast dynamics, by applying it to the five nucleobases present in DNA and RNA. For all of them we computed the absorption spectra and the dynamics of ultrafast internal conversion (100 fs timescale), fully coupling the first 2-3 bright states and all the close by dark states, for a total of 6-9 states, and including all the normal coordinates. We adopted two different functionals, CAM-B3LYP and PBE0, and tested the effect of the basis set. Computed spectra are in good agreement with the available exptl. data, remarkably improving over pure electronic computations, but also with respect to vibronic spectra obtained neglecting inter-state couplings. Our QD simulations indicate an effective population transfer from the lowest energy bright excited states to the close-lying dark excited states for uracil, thymine and adenine. Dynamics from higher-energy states show an ultrafast depopulation toward the more stable ones. The proposed protocol is sufficiently general and automatic to promise to become useful for widespread applications. The experimental process involved the reaction of 5-Methylpyrimidine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione(cas: 65-71-4).Electric Literature of 65-71-4

The Article related to dna rna photoexcitation nucleobase absorption spectra, nonadiabatic interactions, nucleobases, photoinduced processes, quantum dynamics, vibronic spectra, Biochemical Methods: Spectral and Related Methods and other aspects.Electric Literature of 65-71-4

Referemce:
Pyrimidine | C4H4N2 – PubChem,
Pyrimidine – Wikipedia

On July 10, 2020, Qin, Chao; Hu, Xiaojie; Waigi, Michael Gatheru; Yang, Bing; Gao, Yanzheng published an article.HPLC of Formula: 65-71-4 The title of the article was Amino and hydroxy substitution influences pyrene-DNA binding. And the article contained the following:

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH)-DNA binding is an essential step in PAH-induced carcinogenesis. A large number of PAHs contain substituents, it is unclear whether functional groups will influence the PAH-DNA binding. Here, we investigated amino (-NH2) and hydroxy (-OH) substitution on pyrene-DNA binding. Because of the considerable effects of electrostatic surface potential (ESP), -NH2 substitution significantly facilitated binding by increasing the binding constant (log KA) from 4.14 L mol-1 to 12.31 L mol-1, while -OH substitution inhibited binding by reducing log KA to 3.68 L mol-1. Spectroscopy results revealed that pyrene and its derivatives were able to bind with thymine to induce DNA damage or double helix distortion. Quantum chem. calculations showed that -NH2 substitution induces hydrogen bond formation, thereby enhancing the binding of pyrene with DNA; moreover, binding force changes due to -OH substitution may not be an essential factor. All structural descriptors were not correlated with the quenching constant (KSV) or binding constant, indicating that changes in physicochem. properties shows no influence on pyrene-DNA binding. The results of this study will improve our understanding of the contribution of functional groups to PAH-DNA binding. The experimental process involved the reaction of 5-Methylpyrimidine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione(cas: 65-71-4).HPLC of Formula: 65-71-4

The Article related to pyrene dna damage amino hydroxy group substitution, carcinogenesis, dna, functional groups, pahs, Toxicology: Carcinogens, Mutagens, and Teratogens and other aspects.HPLC of Formula: 65-71-4

Referemce:
Pyrimidine | C4H4N2 – PubChem,
Pyrimidine – Wikipedia

On March 3, 2020, Zhang, Yi; Xiao, Jing-Yu; Zhu, Yuan; Tian, Li-Jiao; Wang, Wei-Kang; Zhu, Ting-Ting; Li, Wen-Wei; Yu, Han-Qing published an article.Application of 65-71-4 The title of the article was Fluorescence Sensor Based on Biosynthetic CdSe/CdS Quantum Dots and Liposome Carrier Signal Amplification for Mercury Detection. And the article contained the following:

Mercury (Hg), as a highly harmful environmental pollutant, poses severe ecol. and health risks even at low concentrations Accurate and sensitive methods for detecting Hg2+ ions in aquatic environments are highly needed. In this work, the authors developed a highly sensitive fluorescence sensor for Hg2+ detection with an integrated use of biosynthetic CdSe/CdS quantum dots (QDs) and liposome carrier signal amplification. To construct such a sensor, three single-stranded DNA probes were rationally designed based on the thymine-Hg2+-thymine (T-Hg2+-T) coordination chem. principles and by taking advantage of the biocompatibility and facile-modification properties of the biosynthetic QDs. Hg2+ could be determined in a range from 0.25 to 100 nM with a detection limit of 0.01 nM, which met the requirements of environmental sample detection. The sensor also exhibited a high selectivity for Hg2+ detection in the presence of other high-level metal ions. A satisfactory capacity of the sensor for detecting environmental samples including tap water, river water, and landfill leachate was also demonstrated. This work opens up a new application scenario for biosynthetic QDs and holds a great potential for environmental monitoring applications. The experimental process involved the reaction of 5-Methylpyrimidine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione(cas: 65-71-4).Application of 65-71-4

The Article related to fluorescence sensor cadmium selenide sulfide quantum dot liposome mercury, Biochemical Methods: Spectral and Related Methods and other aspects.Application of 65-71-4

Referemce:
Pyrimidine | C4H4N2 – PubChem,
Pyrimidine – Wikipedia

On December 31, 2020, Dementjev, Andrej; Rutkauskas, Danielis; Polovy, Ivan; Macernis, Mindaugas; Abramavicius, Darius; Valkunas, Leonas; Dovbeshko, Galina published an article.Application of 65-71-4 The title of the article was Characterization of thymine microcrystals by CARS and SHG microscopy. And the article contained the following:

Identification of chem. homologous microcrystals in a polycrystal sample is a big challenge and requires developing specific highly sensitive tools. Second harmonic (SHG) and coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) spectroscopy can be used to reveal arrangement of thymine mols., one of the DNA bases, in microcrystalline sample. Strong dependence of CARS and SHG intensity on the orientation of the linear polarization of the excitation light allows to obtain high resolution images of thymine microcrystals by addnl. utilizing the scanning microscopy technique. Exptl. findings and theor. interpretation of the results are compared. Presented exptl. data together with quantum chem.-based theor. interpretation allowed us to determine the most probable organization of the thymine mols. The experimental process involved the reaction of 5-Methylpyrimidine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione(cas: 65-71-4).Application of 65-71-4

The Article related to thymine microcrystal structure cars second harmonic generation microscopy, Biochemical Methods: Spectral and Related Methods and other aspects.Application of 65-71-4

Referemce:
Pyrimidine | C4H4N2 – PubChem,
Pyrimidine – Wikipedia

Ravera, Francesca; Efeoglu, Esen; Byrne, Hugh J. published an article in 2021, the title of the article was Monitoring stem cell differentiation using Raman microspectroscopy: chondrogenic differentiation, towards cartilage formation.Electric Literature of 65-71-4 And the article contains the following content:

Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs) have the ability to differentiate into chondrocytes, the only cellular components of cartilage and are therefore ideal candidates for cartilage and tissue repair technologies. Chondrocytes are surrounded by cartilage-like extracellular matrix (ECM), a complex network rich in glycosaminoglycans, proteoglycans, and collagen, which, together with a multitude of intracellular signalling mols., trigger the chondrogenesis and allow the chondroprogenitor to acquire the spherical morphol. of the chondrocytes. However, although the mechanisms of the differentiation of MSCs have been extensively explored, it has been difficult to provide a holistic picture of the process, in situ. Raman Micro Spectroscopy (RMS) has been demonstrated to be a powerful anal. tool, which provides detailed label free biochem. fingerprint information in a non-invasive way, for anal. of cells, tissues and body fluids. In this work, RMS is explored to monitor the process of Mesenchymal Stem Cell (MSC) differentiation into chondrocytes in vitro, providing a holistic mol. picture of cellular events governing the differentiation. Spectral signatures of the subcellular compartments, nucleolus, nucleus and cytoplasm were initially probed and characteristic mol. changes between differentiated and undifferentiated were identified. Moreover, high d. cell micromasses were cultured over a period of three weeks, and a systematic monitoring of cellular mol. components and the progress of the ECM formation, associated with the chondrogenic differentiation, was performed. This study shows the potential applicability of RMS as a powerful tool to monitor and better understand the differentiation pathways and process. The experimental process involved the reaction of 5-Methylpyrimidine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione(cas: 65-71-4).Electric Literature of 65-71-4

The Article related to chondrogenic stem cell differentiation raman microspectroscopy, Biochemical Methods: Spectral and Related Methods and other aspects.Electric Literature of 65-71-4

Referemce:
Pyrimidine | C4H4N2 – PubChem,
Pyrimidine – Wikipedia

On March 14, 2021, Dempwolff, Adrian L.; Belogolova, Alexandra M.; Trofimov, Alexander B.; Dreuw, Andreas published an article.Recommanded Product: 65-71-4 The title of the article was Intermediate state representation approach to physical properties of molecular electron-attached states: Theory, implementation, and benchmarking. And the article contained the following:

Computational schemes for comprehensive studies of mol. electron-attached states and the calculation of electron affinities (EAs) are formulated and implemented employing the intermediate state representation (ISR) formalism and the algebraic-diagrammatic construction approximation for the electron propagator (EA-ADC). These EA-ADC(n)/ISR(m) schemes allow for a consistent treatment of not only electron affinities and pole strengths up to third-order of perturbation theory (n = 3) but also one-electron properties of electron-attached states up to second order (m = 2). The EA-ADC/ISR equations were implemented in the Q-CHEM program for Sẑ-adapted intermediate states, allowing also open-shell systems to be studied using UHF references For benchmarking of the EA-(U)ADC/ISR schemes, EAs and dipole moments of various electron-attached states of small closed- and open-shell mols. were computed and compared to full CI data. As an illustrative example, EA-ADC(3)/ISR(2) has been applied to the thymine-thymine (6-4) DNA photolesion. (c) 2021 American Institute of Physics. The experimental process involved the reaction of 5-Methylpyrimidine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione(cas: 65-71-4).Recommanded Product: 65-71-4

The Article related to intermediate state representation electron attached mol state propagator method, General Physical Chemistry: Electronic Structure and other aspects.Recommanded Product: 65-71-4

Referemce:
Pyrimidine | C4H4N2 – PubChem,
Pyrimidine – Wikipedia

On December 31, 2022, Connell, J. R.; Benton, M. C.; Lea, R. A.; Sutherland, H. G.; Chaseling, J.; Haupt, L. M.; Wright, K. M.; Griffiths, L. R. published an article.Product Details of 65-71-4 The title of the article was Pedigree derived mutation rate across the entire mitochondrial genome of the Norfolk Island population. And the article contained the following:

Estimates of mutation rates for various regions of the human mitochondrial genome (mtGenome) vary widely, depending on whether they are inferred using a phylogenetic approach or obtained directly from pedigrees. Traditionally, only the control region, or small portions of the coding region have been targeted for anal. due to the cost and effort required to produce whole mtGenome Sanger profiles. Here, we report one of the first pedigree derived mutation rates for the entire human mtGenome. The entire mtGenome from 225 individuals originating from Norfolk Island was analyzed to estimate the pedigree derived mutation rate and compared against published mutation rates. These individuals were from 45 maternal lineages spanning 345 generational events. Mutation rates for various portions of the mtGenome were calculated Nine mutations (including two transitions and seven cases of heteroplasmy) were observed, resulting in a rate of 0.058 mutations/site/million years (95% CI 0.031-0.108). These mutation rates are approx. 16 times higher than estimates derived from phylogenetic anal. with heteroplasmy detected in 13 samples (n = 225, 5.8% individuals). Providing one of the first pedigree derived estimates for the entire mtGenome, this study provides a better understanding of human mtGenome evolution and has relevance to many research fields, including medicine, anthropol. and forensics. The experimental process involved the reaction of 5-Methylpyrimidine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione(cas: 65-71-4).Product Details of 65-71-4

The Article related to mutation pedigree mitochondrial genome heteroplasmy australia, Mammalian Biochemistry: Classical Genetics and Phylogeny and other aspects.Product Details of 65-71-4

Referemce:
Pyrimidine | C4H4N2 – PubChem,
Pyrimidine – Wikipedia

On December 31, 2022, Muller Paul, Hans; Istanto, Dave D.; Heldenbrand, Jacob; Hudson, Matthew E. published an article.Recommanded Product: 5-Methylpyrimidine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione The title of the article was CROPSR: an automated platform for complex genome-wide CRISPR gRNA design and validation. And the article contained the following:

CRISPR/Cas9 technol. has become an important tool to generate targeted, highly specific genome mutations. The technol. has great potential for crop improvement, as crop genomes are tailored to optimize specific traits over generations of breeding. Many crops have highly complex and polyploid genomes, particularly those used for bioenergy or bioproducts. The majority of tools currently available for designing and evaluating gRNAs for CRISPR experiments were developed based on mammalian genomes that do not share the characteristics or design criteria for crop genomes. We have developed an open source tool for genome-wide design and evaluation of gRNA sequences for CRISPR experiments, CROPSR. The genome-wide approach provides a significant decrease in the time required to design a CRISPR experiment, including validation through PCR, at the expense of an overhead compute time required once per genome, at the first run. To better cater to the needs of crop geneticists, restrictions imposed by other packages on design and evaluation of gRNA sequences were lifted. A new machine learning model was developed to provide scores while avoiding situations in which the currently available tools sometimes failed to provide guides for repetitive, A/T-rich genomic regions. We show that our gRNA scoring model provides a significant increase in prediction accuracy over existing tools, even in non-crop genomes. CROPSR provides the scientific community with new methods and a new workflow for performing CRISPR/Cas9 knockout experiments CROPSR reduces the challenges of working in crops, and helps speed gRNA sequence design, evaluation and validation. We hope that the new software will accelerate discovery and reduce the number of failed experiments The experimental process involved the reaction of 5-Methylpyrimidine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione(cas: 65-71-4).Recommanded Product: 5-Methylpyrimidine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione

The Article related to grna cas9 crispr cropsr soybean miscanthus, bioinformatics pipelines, crispr, crops, miscanthus, soybean, grna design, Biochemical Genetics: Genetic Engineering and Cloning and other aspects.Recommanded Product: 5-Methylpyrimidine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione

Referemce:
Pyrimidine | C4H4N2 – PubChem,
Pyrimidine – Wikipedia

On July 31, 2020, Sakata, Rina C.; Ishiguro, Soh; Mori, Hideto; Tanaka, Mamoru; Tatsuno, Kenji; Ueda, Hiroki; Yamamoto, Shogo; Seki, Motoaki; Masuyama, Nanami; Nishida, Keiji; Nishimasu, Hiroshi; Arakawa, Kazuharu; Kondo, Akihiko; Nureki, Osamu; Tomita, Masaru; Aburatani, Hiroyuki; Yachie, Nozomu published an article.COA of Formula: C5H6N2O2 The title of the article was Base editors for simultaneous introduction of C-to-T and A-to-G mutations. And the article contained the following:

Abstract: We describe base editors that combine both cytosine and adenine base-editing functions. A codon-optimized fusion of the cytosine deaminase PmCDA1, the adenosine deaminase TadA and a Cas9 nickase (Target-ACEmax) showed a high median simultaneous C-to-T and A-to-G editing activity at 47 genomic targets. On-target as well as DNA and RNA off-target activities of Target-ACEmax were similar to those of existing single-function base editors. The experimental process involved the reaction of 5-Methylpyrimidine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione(cas: 65-71-4).COA of Formula: C5H6N2O2

The Article related to target acemax adenine guanine cytosine thymine mutation base editing, Biochemical Genetics: Gene Structure and Organization and other aspects.COA of Formula: C5H6N2O2

Referemce:
Pyrimidine | C4H4N2 – PubChem,
Pyrimidine – Wikipedia