Antibiotics, antibiotic resistance genes and microbial community in grouper mariculture was written by He, Lu-Xi;He, Liang-Ying;Gao, Fang-Zhou;Wu, Dai-Ling;Ye, Pu;Cheng, Yu-Xiao;Chen, Zi-Yin;Hu, Li-Xin;Liu, You-Sheng;Chen, Jun;Ying, Guang-Guo. And the article was included in Science of the Total Environment in 2022.HPLC of Formula: 1220-83-3 This article mentions the following:
Increasing use of feed and medicine in mariculture could cause neg. environmental impacts such as habitat modification, microbial disease development and antibiotic resistance. Here we investigated contamination of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), and composition of microbial community in grouper mariculture systems in Hainan province, China. Result showed detection of various antibiotic residues with the dominance of fluoroquinolones and tetracyclines in the six grouper cultivation systems. The concentrations of the detected antibiotics in the grouper mariculture water were significantly higher than those in the original seawater. Some of the detected antibiotics such as enrofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, oxytetracycline and erythromycin in the mariculture water and/or sediment would pose high resistance selection risks. Sulfonamides resistance genes sul1 and sul2 were found to be predominant in water and sediment, while tetracycline resistance genes were prevalent in fish gill and gut. The dominant bacterial phyla in water and sediments were Bacteroides, Actinomycetes, and Proteobacteria, while the dominant ones in fish gill and gut were the Proteobacteria. Genera of Vibrio and Mycobacterium in the core microbiota were important zoonotic pathogens, and there was a significant pos. correlation between Vibrio and ARGs. Phyla of Proteobacteria, Actinomyces, and Cyanobacteria were pos. correlated to ARGs, indicating that these microorganisms are potential hosts of ARGs. The putative functions of microbiome related to antibiotic resistance and human diseases were significantly higher in fish than in the mariculture environment. This study suggests that mariculture system is a reservoir of ARGs, and the use of antibiotics in mariculture could induce the increase of antibiotic resistance and the prevalence of opportunistic pathogens. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 4-Amino-N-(6-methoxypyrimidin-4-yl)benzenesulfonamide (cas: 1220-83-3HPLC of Formula: 1220-83-3).
4-Amino-N-(6-methoxypyrimidin-4-yl)benzenesulfonamide (cas: 1220-83-3) belongs to pyrimidine derivatives. The pyrimidine nitrogenous bases are derived from the organic compound pyrimidine through the addition of various functional groups. Therapy for fungal infections is based mainly on four classes of antifungals: azoles, echinocandins, polyenes, and pyrimidine analogs.HPLC of Formula: 1220-83-3
Referemce:
Pyrimidine | C4H4N2 – PubChem,
Pyrimidine – Wikipedia